Mai ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka WHO i ka COVID-19 he "pandemic" honua i ka lā Malaki 11, 2020, ua lokahi nā ʻāina a puni ka honua i ka disinfection ʻo ia ka lālani pale mua e pale ai i ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi.ʻOi aku ka nui o nā keʻena noiʻi ʻepekema i makemake nui i ka ultraviolet (UV) lamp irradiation disinfection: pono kēia ʻenehana disinfection i ka hana lima liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole e hoʻonui i ka pale ʻana i ka bacteria, a hiki ke lawe ʻia ma kahi mamao me ka ʻole o ka poʻe.He kūpono loa ka mana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana no nā wahi lehulehu i pani ʻia me ka nui o ka lehulehu, ka lōʻihi o ka noho ʻana a me kahi e hiki mai ai ka maʻi maʻi.Ua lilo ia i kumu nui o ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi ahulau, sterilization a me ka disinfection.E kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke kumu o ka ultraviolet sterilization a me nā kukui disinfection, pono mākou e hoʻomaka mālie me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mālamalama "ultraviolet".
He māmā nā kukui Ultraviolet me ke alapine o 750THz a 30PHz i ka lā, e pili ana i ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o 400nm a 10nm i loko o ka hakahaka.ʻOi aku ka nui o ke alapine Ultraviolet ma mua o ke kukui ʻike ʻia a ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia me ka maka.I ka wā kahiko, ʻaʻole ʻike ka poʻe i ke ola.
Ritter（Johann Wilhelm Ritter，(1776～1810）
Ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana o ka mea lapaʻau Pelekania ʻo Herschel i nā kukuna wela ʻike ʻole ʻia, nā kukuna infrared, i ka makahiki 1800, e pili ana i ka manaʻo o ka physics ʻo "nā mea i ʻelua-level symmetry", ua ʻike ʻia ka physicist Kelemania ʻo Johann Wilhelm Ritter, (1776-1810), i ka makahiki 1801. aia ka malamalama ʻike ʻole ʻia ma waho aʻe o ka hopena violet o ka spectrum ʻike ʻia.Ua ʻike ʻo ia e hiki i kahi ʻāpana ma waho o ka hopena violet o ka spectrum o ka lā ke hoʻonanea i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni kiʻi i loaʻa ka bromide kālā, no laila e ʻike ai i ke ʻano o ke kukui ultraviolet.No laila, ʻike ʻia ʻo Ritter ma ke ʻano he makua o ke kukui ultraviolet.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kukui Ultraviolet i UVA (lōʻihi haʻahaʻa 400nm a 320nm, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka nalu lōʻihi), UVB (lōʻihi hawewe 320nm a 280nm, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka hawewe waena), UVC (lōʻihi hawewe 280nm a 100nm, kiʻekiʻe a me ka hawewe pōkole), EUV ( 100nm a hiki i 10nm, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe) 4 ʻano.
I ka makahiki 1877, ua hōʻike ʻo Downs lāua ʻo Blunt no ka manawa mua e hiki ai i ka radiation solar ke pepehi i ka maʻi bacteria i loko o ka media moʻomeheu, kahi i wehe ai i ka puka i ka noiʻi a me ka noi ʻana i ka sterilization ultraviolet a me ka disinfection.I ka makahiki 1878, ua ʻike ka poʻe i nā kukuna ultraviolet i ka lā he hopena sterilizing a disinfecting.I ka makahiki 1901 a me 1906, ua hana nā kānaka i ka mercury arc, kahi kumu kukui ultraviolet artificial, a me nā kukui quartz me nā waiwai hoʻouna kukui ultraviolet ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
I ka makahiki 1960, ua hōʻoia mua ʻia ke ʻano o ka ultraviolet sterilization a me ka disinfection.Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, i ka wā e hoʻomālamalama ʻia ai nā microorganisms e ke kukui ultraviolet, ʻo ka deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) i loko o ka cell biological absorbs ultraviolet photon energy, a ʻo ke apo cyclobutyl e hana i kahi dimer ma waena o ʻelua mau pūʻulu thymine pili i ka kaulahao hoʻokahi o ka mole DNA.(thymine dimer).Ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka dimer, ua hoʻopili ʻia ke ʻano helix pālua o ka DNA, e kū ka synthesis o nā primers RNA i ka dimer, a ua keakea ʻia ka hana hou a me ka transcription o DNA.Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hana ʻia nā radical manuahi ma lalo o ka ultraviolet irradiation, e hoʻoulu ai i ka photoionization, a laila e pale ai i nā microorganism mai ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana.ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā kelepona i nā kiʻi ultraviolet i loko o nā kaha nalu ma kahi o 220nm a me 260nm, a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa pono i ka ikehu photon i loko o kēia mau pūʻulu ʻelua, a laila e pale ai i ka hoʻopili hou ʻana o DNA.ʻO ka hapa nui o ka radiation ultraviolet me ka nalu o 200nm a i ʻole ka pōkole e hoʻopili ʻia i ka lewa, no laila paʻakikī ke hoʻolaha ma kahi lōʻihi.No laila, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka hawewe radiation ultraviolet nui no ka sterilization i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma waena o 200nm a me 300nm.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā kukui ultraviolet i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma lalo o 200nm e hoʻoheheʻe i nā molekole oxygen i ka lewa a hana i ka ozone, kahi e hana ai i ka sterilization a me ka disinfection.
Ua ʻike ʻia ke kaʻina hana o ka luminescence ma o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka mahu mercury mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19: ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka mahu i loko o kahi paipu aniani, a ua hoʻopili ʻia ka volta i ʻelua electrodes metala ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka paipu, no laila e hana ai i kahi. "arc of light" ", e ʻā ana ka mahu.Ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa loa o ka lawe ʻana o ke aniani i ka ultraviolet i kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā kumu kukui ultraviolet artificial.
I ka makahiki 1904, ua hoʻohana ʻo Dr. Richard Küch o Heraeus ma Kelemānia i ke aniani quartz maʻemaʻe ʻole, e hana i ke kukui quartz ultraviolet mercury mua, Original Hanau® Höhensonne.No laila ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Küch ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke kukui mercury ultraviolet a he paionia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu kukui kūlohelohe no ka irradiation kanaka i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
Mai ka puka ʻana o ke kukui quartz ultraviolet mercury mua i ka makahiki 1904, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe e aʻo i kāna noi ma ke kahua o ka sterilization.I ka makahiki 1907, ua kūʻai nui ʻia nā kukui ultraviolet quartz maikaʻi ma ke ʻano he kumu kukui lapaʻau.I ka makahiki 1910, ma Marseilles, Palani, ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ka ʻōnaehana disinfection ultraviolet i ka hana hana o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai o ke kūlanakauhale, me ka hiki ke mālama ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā he 200 m3/d.Ma kahi o 1920, hoʻomaka ka poʻe e aʻo i ka ultraviolet ma ke kahua o ka disinfection ea.I ka makahiki 1936, hoʻomaka ka poʻe e hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana sterilization ultraviolet i nā keʻena hana o ka haukapila.I ka makahiki 1937, ua hoʻohana mua ʻia nā ʻōnaehana sterilization ultraviolet i nā kula e kāohi i ka laha ʻana o ka rubella.
Ma ka waena o 1960s, ua hoʻomaka nā kānaka e hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana disinfection ultraviolet i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai o ke kūlanakauhale.Mai ka makahiki 1965 a hiki i ka makahiki 1969, ua hana ke Komisina Waiwai o Ontario ma Kanada i ka noiʻi a me ka loiloi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana disinfection ultraviolet i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaona o ke kūlanakauhale a me kona hopena i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kino wai.I ka makahiki 1975, ua hoʻokomo ʻo Norewai i ka disinfection ultraviolet, e hoʻololi ana i ka disinfection chlorine me nā huahana.Ua mālama ʻia kahi helu nui o nā haʻawina mua e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka disinfection ultraviolet i ka mālama ʻana i nā kaona.
ʻO ka mea nui kēia ma muli o ka ʻike ʻana o nā ʻepekema i kēlā manawa ʻo ke koena chlorine i loko o ke kaʻina hana disinfection chlorination i hoʻohana nui ʻia he mea ʻawaʻawa i ka iʻa a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe i loko o ke kino wai., a ua ʻike ʻia a hōʻoia ʻia e hiki i nā ʻano disinfection kemika e like me ka chlorine disinfection ke hana i nā huahana carcinogenic a me genetic aberration e like me trihalomethanes (THMs).Ua ʻimi kēia mau ʻike i nā kānaka e ʻimi i kahi ala disinfection maikaʻi aʻe.I ka makahiki 1982, ua hoʻokumu kahi hui Kanada i ka ʻōnaehana disinfection ultraviolet open-channel mua loa o ka honua.
I ka makahiki 1998, ua hōʻoia ʻo Bolton i ka maikaʻi o ke kukui ultraviolet i ka luku ʻana i ka protozoa, no laila e hoʻolaha ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana disinfection ultraviolet i kekahi mau lapaʻau wai kūloko nui.No ka laʻana, ma waena o 1998 a me 1999, ua hoʻoponopono hou ʻia nā mea kanu wai ʻo Vanhakaupunki a me Pitkäkoski ma Helsinki, Finland, a ua hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻōnaehana disinfection ultraviolet, me ka nui o ka hiki ke mālama ʻia ma kahi o 12,000 m3/h;Ua hoʻokomo pū ʻo EL ma Edmonton, Kanada Smith Water Supply Plant i nā keʻena disinfection ultraviolet ma kahi o 2002, me ka hiki ke mālama i kēlā me kēia lā he 15,000 m3/h.
Ma Iulai 25, 2023, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Kina i ke kūlana aupuni "Ultraviolet germicidal lamp standard number GB 19258-2003".ʻO ka inoa maʻamau English ʻo: Ultraviolet germicidal lamp.Ma ka lā 5 o Nowemapa, 2012, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Kina i ka maʻamau ʻāina "ʻO Cold cathode ultraviolet germicidal lamps standard number GB/T 28795-2012".ʻO ka inoa maʻamau English: Cold cathode ultraviolet germicidal lamps.Ma Kekemapa 29, 2022, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Kina i ka "Energy Efficiency Limit Values and Energy Efficiency Level Standard Number of Ballasts for Gas Discharge Lamps for General Lighting: GB 17896-2022" national standard, English standard name: Limit allowable values of energy efficiency and energy E hoʻokō ʻia nā māka maikaʻi o nā ballast no nā kukui hoʻokuʻu kinoea no nā kukui ākea ma Ianuali 1, 2024.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka ʻenehana sterilization ultraviolet i kahi ʻenehana disinfection palekana, hilinaʻi, maikaʻi a me ke kaiapuni.Hoʻololi mālie ʻia ka ʻenehana sterilization Ultraviolet i nā ʻano hana disinfection kemika kuʻuna a lilo i ʻenehana disinfection maloʻo nui.Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole ma ka home a me waho, e like me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe kinoea, mālama wai, sterilization surface, air sterilization, etc.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Dec-08-2023