Mai ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka WHO i ka COVID-19 he "pandemic" honua i ka lā Malaki 11, 2020, ua lokahi nā ʻāina a puni ka honua i ka disinfection ʻo ia ka lālani pale mua e pale ai i ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā keʻena noiʻi ʻepekema i makemake nui i ka ultraviolet (UV) lamp irradiation disinfection: pono kēia ʻenehana disinfection i ka hana lima liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole e hoʻonui i ka pale ʻana i ka bacteria, a hiki ke lawe ʻia ma kahi mamao me ka ʻole o ka poʻe. He kūpono loa ka mana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana no nā wahi lehulehu i pani ʻia me ka nui o ka lehulehu, ka lōʻihi o ka noho ʻana a me kahi e hiki mai ai ka maʻi maʻi. Ua lilo ia i kumu nui o ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi ahulau, sterilization a me ka disinfection. E kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke kumu o ka ultraviolet sterilization a me nā kukui disinfection, pono mākou e hoʻomaka mālie me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mālamalama "ultraviolet".
He māmā nā kukui Ultraviolet me ke alapine o 750THz a 30PHz i ka lā, e pili ana i ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o 400nm a 10nm i loko o ka hakahaka. ʻOi aku ka nui o ke alapine Ultraviolet ma mua o ke kukui ʻike ʻia a ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia me ka maka. I ka wā kahiko, ʻaʻole ʻike ka poʻe i ke ola.
Ritter（Johann Wilhelm Ritter，(1776～1810）)
Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau Pelekania ʻo Herschel i nā kukuna wela ʻike ʻole ʻia, nā kukuna infrared, i ka makahiki 1800, e pili ana i ka manaʻo o ka physics ʻo "nā mea i ʻelua-level symmetry", ʻo ka physicist Kelemania ʻo Johann Wilhelm Ritter, (1776-1810), loaʻa i ka makahiki 1801. aia ka malamalama ʻike ʻole ʻia ma waho aʻe o ka welau violet o ka spectrum ʻike ʻia. Ua ʻike ʻo ia e hiki i kahi ʻāpana ma waho o ka hopena violet o ka spectrum o ka lā ke hoʻonanea i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni kiʻi i loaʻa ka bromide kālā, no laila e ʻike ai i ke ʻano o ke kukui ultraviolet. No laila, ʻike ʻia ʻo Ritter ma ke ʻano he makua o ke kukui ultraviolet.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kukui Ultraviolet i UVA (lōʻihi haʻahaʻa 400nm a 320nm, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka nalu lōʻihi), UVB (lōʻihi hawewe 320nm a 280nm, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka hawewe waena), UVC (lōʻihi hawewe 280nm a 100nm, kiʻekiʻe a me ka hawewe pōkole), EUV ( 100nm a hiki i 10nm, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe) 4 ʻano.
I ka makahiki 1877, ua hōʻike ʻo Downs lāua ʻo Blunt no ka manawa mua e hiki ai i ka radiation solar ke pepehi i ka maʻi bacteria i loko o ka media moʻomeheu, kahi i wehe ai i ka puka i ka noiʻi a me ka noi ʻana i ka sterilization ultraviolet a me ka disinfection. I ka makahiki 1878, ua ʻike ka poʻe i nā kukuna ultraviolet i ka lā he hopena sterilizing a disinfecting. I ka makahiki 1901 a me 1906, ua hana nā kānaka i ka mercury arc, kahi kumu kukui ultraviolet artificial, a me nā kukui quartz me nā waiwai hoʻouna kukui ultraviolet ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
I ka makahiki 1960, ua hōʻoia mua ʻia ke ʻano o ka ultraviolet sterilization a me ka disinfection. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, i ka wā e hoʻomālamalama ʻia ai nā microorganisms e ke kukui ultraviolet, ʻo ka deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) i loko o ka cell biological absorbs ultraviolet photon energy, a ʻo ke apo cyclobutyl e hana i kahi dimer ma waena o ʻelua mau pūʻulu thymine pili i ka kaulahao hoʻokahi o ka mole DNA. (thymine dimer). Ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka dimer, ua hoʻopili ʻia ke ʻano helix pālua o ka DNA, e kū ka synthesis o nā primers RNA i ka dimer, a ua keakea ʻia ka hana hou a me ka transcription o DNA. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hana ʻia nā radical manuahi ma lalo o ka ultraviolet irradiation, e hoʻoulu ai i ka photoionization, a laila e pale ai i nā microorganism mai ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā kelepona i nā kiʻi ultraviolet i loko o nā kaha nalu ma kahi o 220nm a me 260nm, a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa pono i ka ikehu photon i loko o kēia mau pūʻulu ʻelua, a laila e pale ai i ka hoʻopili hou ʻana o DNA. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka radiation ultraviolet me ka nalu o 200nm a i ʻole ka pōkole e hoʻopili ʻia i ka lewa, no laila paʻakikī ke hoʻolaha ma kahi lōʻihi. No laila, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka hawewe radiation ultraviolet nui no ka sterilization i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma waena o 200nm a me 300nm. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā kukui ultraviolet i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma lalo o 200nm e hoʻoheheʻe i nā molekole oxygen i ka lewa a hana i ka ozone, kahi e hana ai i ka sterilization a me ka disinfection.
Ua ʻike ʻia ke kaʻina hana o ka luminescence ma o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka mahu mercury mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19: ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka mahu i loko o kahi paipu aniani, a ua hoʻopili ʻia ka volta i ʻelua electrodes metala ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka paipu, no laila e hana ai i kahi. "arc of light" ", e ʻā ana ka mahu. Ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa loa o ka lawe ʻana o ke aniani i ka ultraviolet i kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā kumu kukui ultraviolet artificial.
I ka makahiki 1904, ua hoʻohana ʻo Dr. Richard Küch o Heraeus ma Kelemānia i ke aniani quartz maʻemaʻe ʻole ʻeleʻele, hoʻomaʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe e hana i ke kukui quartz ultraviolet mercury mercury mua, Original Hanau® Höhensonne. No laila ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Küch ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke kukui mercury ultraviolet a he paionia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu kukui kūlohelohe no ka irradiation kanaka i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
Mai ka puka ʻana o ke kukui quartz ultraviolet mercury mua i ka makahiki 1904, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe e aʻo i kāna noi ma ke kahua o ka sterilization. I ka makahiki 1907, ua kūʻai nui ʻia nā kukui ultraviolet quartz maikaʻi ma ke ʻano he kumu kukui lapaʻau. I ka makahiki 1910, ma Marseilles, Palani, ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ka ʻōnaehana disinfection ultraviolet i ka hana hana o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai o ke kūlanakauhale, me ka hiki ke mālama i kēlā me kēia lā he 200 m3/d. Ma kahi o 1920, hoʻomaka ka poʻe e aʻo i ka ultraviolet ma ke kahua o ka disinfection ea. I ka makahiki 1936, hoʻomaka ka poʻe e hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana sterilization ultraviolet i nā keʻena hana o ka haukapila. I ka makahiki 1937, ua hoʻohana mua ʻia nā ʻōnaehana sterilization ultraviolet i nā kula e kāohi i ka laha ʻana o ka rubella.
Ma ka waena o 1960s, ua hoʻomaka nā kānaka e hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana disinfection ultraviolet i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai o ke kūlanakauhale. Mai ka makahiki 1965 a hiki i ka makahiki 1969, ua hana ke Komisina Waiwai o Ontario ma Kanada i ka noiʻi a me ka loiloi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana disinfection ultraviolet i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaona o ke kūlanakauhale a me kona hopena i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kino wai. I ka makahiki 1975, ua hoʻokomo ʻo Norewai i ka disinfection ultraviolet, e hoʻololi ana i ka disinfection chlorine me nā huahana. Ua mālama ʻia kahi helu nui o nā haʻawina mua e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka disinfection ultraviolet i ka mālama ʻana i nā kaona.
ʻO ka mea nui kēia ma muli o ka ʻike ʻana o nā ʻepekema i kēlā manawa ʻo ke koena chlorine i loko o ke kaʻina hana disinfection chlorination i hoʻohana nui ʻia he mea ʻawaʻawa i ka iʻa a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe i loko o ke kino wai. , a ua ʻike ʻia a hōʻoia ʻia e hiki i nā ʻano disinfection kemika e like me ka chlorine disinfection ke hana i nā huahana carcinogenic a me genetic aberration e like me trihalomethanes (THMs). Ua ʻimi kēia mau ʻike i nā kānaka e ʻimi i kahi ala disinfection maikaʻi aʻe. I ka makahiki 1982, ua hoʻokumu kahi hui Kanada i ka ʻōnaehana disinfection ultraviolet open-channel mua loa o ka honua.
I ka makahiki 1998, ua hōʻoia ʻo Bolton i ka maikaʻi o ke kukui ultraviolet i ka luku ʻana i ka protozoa, no laila e hoʻolaha ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana disinfection ultraviolet i kekahi mau lapaʻau wai kūloko nui. No ka laʻana, ma waena o 1998 a me 1999, ua hoʻoponopono hou ʻia nā mea kanu wai ʻo Vanhakaupunki a me Pitkäkoski ma Helsinki, Finland, a ua hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻōnaehana disinfection ultraviolet, me ka nui o ka hiki ke mālama ʻia ma kahi o 12,000 m3/h; Ua hoʻokomo pū ʻo EL ma Edmonton, Kanada Smith Water Supply Plant i nā keʻena disinfection ultraviolet ma kahi o 2002, me ka hiki ke mālama i kēlā me kēia lā he 15,000 m3/h.
Ma Iulai 25, 2023, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Kina i ke kūlana aupuni "Ultraviolet germicidal lamp standard number GB 19258-2003". ʻO ka inoa maʻamau English ʻo: Ultraviolet germicidal lamp. Ma ka lā 5 o Nowemapa, 2012, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Kina i ka maʻamau ʻāina "Cold cathode ultraviolet germicidal lamps standard number GB/T 28795-2012". ʻO ka inoa maʻamau English: Cold cathode ultraviolet germicidal lamps. Ma Kekemapa 29, 2022, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Kina i ka "Energy Efficiency Limit Values and Energy Efficiency Level Standard Number of Ballasts for Gas Discharge Lamps for General Lighting: GB 17896-2022" national standard, English standard name: Limit allowable values of energy efficiency and energy E hoʻokō ʻia nā māka maikaʻi o nā ballast no nā kukui hoʻokuʻu kinoea no nā kukui ākea ma Ianuali 1, 2024.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka ʻenehana sterilization ultraviolet i kahi ʻenehana disinfection palekana, hilinaʻi, maikaʻi a me ke kaiapuni. Hoʻololi mālie ʻia ka ʻenehana sterilization Ultraviolet i nā ʻano hana disinfection kemika kuʻuna a lilo i ʻenehana disinfection maloʻo nui. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma nā ʻano āpau ma ka home a ma waho, e like me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ke kinoea, ka mālama wai, ka sterilization o ka honua, ka ea sterilization, etc.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Dec-08-2023